TRAP Staining Kit

Cosmo Bio LTD

Catalog No: PMC-AK04F

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The TRAP Staining Kit (Cat.No.PMC-AK04F-COS) is used for the staining of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase in osteoclasts. Bone mass is controlled by the balance between the activity of osteoblasts bone formation and the activity of osteoclasts. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP: ALP staining kit, Cat.No.PMC-AK20-COS) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphate are used as markers for osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively.

Kit Components

• Tartrate-containing Buffer     50ml
• Chromogenic Substrate         10 Vials

Note: Store at 4°C

Protocol (96-well plate format):

1. Remove culture medium. Wash each well once with 100 ul of PBS.
2. Add 50 ul of the 10% Formalin Neutral Buffer Solution to each well and fix for 5 minutes at room temperature.
3. Wash each well with 250 ul of deionized water. (x 3 times)
4. Dissolve 1 vial of Chromogenic Substrate with 5 ml of Tartrate-containing Buffer.
5. Add 50 ul of Chromogenic Substrates to each well.
6. Incubate at 37°C for 20-60 minutes. Adjust incubation time until stained TRAP is clearly showing the result in figure 1.
7. Wash with deionized water to stop the reaction.

Note: Excess incubation will be cause of over staining.

References

1) Sunao Takesita, Keisuke Kaji, Akira Kudo. Identification and Characterization of the New Osteoclast Progenitor with Macrophage Phenotypes
Being Able to Differentiate into Mature Osteoclasts. JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH Volume 15, Number 8 (2000). 1477-1488.
(2) BEN A. A. SCHEVEN, JONE S. MILNE, SIMON P. ROBINS. A SEQUENTIAL CULTURE APPROACH TO STUDY OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FROM NONADHERENT PORCINE BONE MARROW CELLS. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. July-August (1998). Animal 34: 568-577.
(3) Martha J. Somerman, Janice E. Berry, Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis, Philip Osdoby, Robert U. Simpson. Enhanced Expression of α v Integrin Subunit and
Osteopontin during Differentiation of HL-60 Cells along Monocytic Pathway. EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH 216, 335-341(1995).
(4) Ichiro Itonaga, Afsie Sabokbar, Susan D. Neale, Nicholas A. Athanasou. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Prostaglandin E2 Act Directly on Circulating Human Osteoclast Precursors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 264, 590-595(1999).
(5) Hiroshi Takayanagi, Kouetsu Ogasawara, Shigeaki Hida, Tomoki Chiba, Shigeo Murata, Kojiro Sato, Akinori Takaoka, Taeko Yokochi, Hiromi Oda, Keiji Tanaka, Kozo Nakamura and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. T-cell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signaling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN- α Nature, Vol. 408, No.6812, 600-605, 30 November 2000.
(6) Morinobu, A., Biao, W., Tanaka, S., Horiuchi, M., Jun, L., Tsuji,G., Sakai, Y., Kurosaka, M., Kumagai, S. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Ameliorates Experimental Arthritisv in Mice. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 2012-2018 (2008)
(7) Hase, H., Kanno, Y., Kojima, H., Sakurai, D., Kobata, T. Coculture of Osteoclast Precursors With Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts Induces Osteoclastogenesis via Transforming Growth Factor beta-Mediated Down-Regulation of Osteoprotegerin. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 3356-3365 (2008)
(8) Cao, H., Kuboyama, N. A Biodegradable Porous Composite Scaffold of PGA/beta-TCP for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bone. 46, 386-395 (2010)
(9) Okada, Y., Hamada, N., Kim, Y., Takahashi, Y., Sasaguri, K., Ozono, S., Sato, S. Blockade of Sympathetic beta-receptors Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis-induced Alveolar Bone Loss in an Experimental Rat Periodontitis Model. Arch. Oral Biol. 55, 502-508 (2010)
(10) Okamoto, A., Ohnishi, T., Bandow, K., Kakimoto, K., Chiba, N., Maeda, A., Fukunaga, T., Miyawaki, S., Matsuguchi, T. Reduction of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Experimentally Induced Periodontal Inflammation in Mice. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 117, 238-247 (2009)

Frequently Asked Questions
Question Is the Kit recommended for paraffin-embedded tissue use?
Answer Unfortunately, we do not have experience using the kit with paraffin-embeeded tissue. However, samples fixed with Formalin are unable to be stained.

Question On the datasheet, it is indicated that the kit is capable of staining 10 x 96-well plates. Could you please tell me the procedures when using a 6-well plate?
Answer Please use 30 times more reagent compared to when using the 96-well plate. For example the amount of coloring agent per well will be 1.5ml.

Question Will staining of macrophages be positive with the kit staining?
Answer Yes, macrophages will stain positive too.

Question When carrying out immunofluorescence, can the kit be used together? If possible, please let us know the protocol.
Answer We do not have any experience using the kit with immunofluorescence, however it may be possible, thus we kindly ask you to try it out. Unfortunately, we can not guarantee results.

Question How long can the chromogenic substrate solution be kept at 4C once dissolved?
Answer Unfortuantely, Chromogenic substrate can't be stored after dissolution. Because it should be prepared prior to carrying out the experiment, chromogenic substrate is supplied at small units of 3mg in 10 vials.

Question Do you offer a smaller size kit for this product?
Answer Unfortunately no.

Citations for TRAP Staining Kit – 64 Found

A Novel Therapeutic Peptide as a Partial Agonist of RANKL in Ischemic Stroke.
Sci Rep. 2016 Nov 29;6:38062. doi: 10.1038/srep38062. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity is required for osteoclastogenesis by facilitating binding of p65 to the NFATc1 promoter via promoting p65 denitrosation, suggesting that GSNOR may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of osteolytic diseases.

Ecklonia cava Extract Containing Dieckol Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis via MAP Kinase/NF-κB Pathway Inhibition and Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Jan 28;29(1):11-20. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1810.10005. 

Anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand antibody treatment increases osteoclastogenesis-promoting IL-8 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Int Immunol. 2019 Apr 26;31(5):277-285. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxz009. 

Sema6A-plexin-A2 axis stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through PLCγ-mediated NFATc1 activation.
Life Sci. 2019 Apr 1;222:29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.060. Epub 2019 Feb 28. 

The pivotal role of microRNA-21 in osteoclastogenesis inhibition by anthracycline glycoside aloin.
J Nat Med. 2019 Jan;73(1):59-66. doi: 10.1007/s11418-018-1237-3. Epub 2018 Aug 16. 

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor tirabrutinib suppresses osteoclastic bone resorption.
Bone Rep. 2019 Mar 15;10:100201. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100201. eCollection 2019 Jun. 

Conditional Controlled Light/Dark Cycle Influences Exercise-Induced Benefits in a Rat Model with Osteoarthritis: In Vitro and In Vivo Study.
J Clin Med. 2019 Nov 2;8(11):1855. doi: 10.3390/jcm8111855. 

The combined effects of teriparatide and anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody on bone defect regeneration in ovariectomized mice.
Bone. 2020 Jan;130:115077. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115077. Epub 2019 Oct 14. 

Effects of single or combination therapy of teriparatide and anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody on bone defect regeneration in mice.
Bone. 2018 Jan;106:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.021. Epub 2017 Oct 1. 

In Vitro Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation.
J Funct Biomater. 2024 Mar 8;15(3):65. doi: 10.3390/jfb15030065. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study evaluating the effects of oral probiotic strains of Weissella cibaria (CMU and CMS1) on RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells, showing that dead bacteria significantly downregulated all osteoclast-related genes, whereas metabolites only effectively downregulated certain genes.

The Evaluation of Anti-Osteoclastic Activity of the Novel Calcium Hydroxide Biodegradable Nanoparticles as an Intracanal Medicament.
J Endod. 2024 May;50(5):667-673. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.023. Epub 2024 Mar 4. 

Effect of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer on the retention of fiber posts cemented at different time intervals.
Saudi Dent J. 2021 Nov;33(7):718-723. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.04.002. Epub 2020 Apr 10. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that a panel of calcium silicate-based sealers showed a favorable bone tissue response when injected into the rat mandible.

Extracellular microRNAs induce dendritic cell-dependent joint inflammation and potentiate osteoclast differentiation via TLR7/8 engagement.
J Autoimmun. 2024 May;145:103189. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103189. Epub 2024 Mar 4. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that the pool of extracellular miRNAs overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis joints can act as a physiological activator of inflammation via the stimulation of TLR8 expressed by human DCs, which in turn exert arthritogenic functions.

Conditioned-medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth prevent apoptosis of neural progenitors.
Saudi Dent J. 2022 Nov;34(7):565-571. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.08.005. Epub 2022 Aug 23. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that conditioned medium from stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth restores the injured temporomandibular joint by inducing M2-polarized synovial macrophages.

Iguratimod suppresses sclerostin and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand production via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/early growth response protein 1/tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway in osteocytes and ameliorates disuse osteoporosis in mice.
Bone. 2024 Apr;181:117026. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117026. Epub 2024 Feb 5. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing that the antirheumatic drug iguratimod (IGU) inhibited sclerostin and RANKL production through the ERK/EGR1/TNFα pathway in osteocytes, suggesting its potential as an osteocyte-targeted treatment for disuse osteoporosis.

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent p65 denitrosation promotes osteoclastogenesis by facilitating recruitment of p65 to NFATc1 promoter.
Bone. 2024 Apr;181:117036. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117036. Epub 2024 Feb 2. 

EBAG9-deficient mice display decreased bone mineral density with suppressed autophagy.
iScience. 2024 Jan 11;27(2):108871. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108871. eCollection 2024 Feb 16. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing Ebag9-knockout mice exhibit fragile bones with low bone mineral density due to decreased bone formation and enhanced bone resorption arising from a role with interacting protein TMSF1 in osteoblast and osteoclast autophagy.

Innervation and osteoclast distribution in the inferior pharyngeal jaw of the cichlid Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2024 Jun;307(6):2139-2148. doi: 10.1002/ar.25381. Epub 2024 Jan 6. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect contact between osteoclasts and peripheral nerves in the inferior pharyngeal jaw of Nile tilapia, suggesting that the peripheral nervous system may play a role in its remodeling as it adapts to environmental changes in prey type.

A novel macrolide-Del-1 axis to regenerate bone in old age.
iScience. 2024 Jan 4;27(2):108798. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108798. eCollection 2024 Feb 16. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study revealing a macrolide–DEL-1 axis that can regenerate bone loss due to aging-related disease.

Lateral bone ridge expansion and internal tissue replacement for vertebral body growth in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis.
J Morphol. 2024 Feb;285(2):e21666. doi: 10.1002/jmor.21666. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that used micro‐computed tomography scans and histological staining to observe the development of teleost vertebrae.

Attenuative effects of collagen peptide from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.
Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Oct 8;12(1):116-130. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3746. eCollection 2024 Jan. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of collagen peptides extracted from milkfish scales on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells, osteoblast proliferation in MG-63 cells, and osteoporosis in a mouse model.

Rab32 and Rab38 maintain bone homeostasis by regulating intracellular traffic in osteoclasts.
Cell Struct Funct. 2023 Nov 17;48(2):223-239. doi: 10.1247/csf.23061. Epub 2023 Nov 10. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that Rab32/38 DKO mice, despite supporting normal in vitro osteoclast differentiation, exhibit impaired osteoclast intracellular trafficking and bone resorptive function leading to abnormal bone homeostasis.

RANK ligand converts the NCoR/HDAC3 co-repressor to a PGC1β- and RNA-dependent co-activator of osteoclast gene expression.
Mol Cell. 2023 Oct 5;83(19):3421-3437.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.08.029. Epub 2023 Sep 25. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study revealing the requirement of NCoR for activation of RANKL-dependent genes and osteoclast differentiation, leading mice lacking NCoR in the myeloid lineage to exhibit a high bone mass phenotype. Further, it is demonstrated that RANK signaling promotes the assembly of a 2 MDa NCoR/HDAC3/PGC1b complex that is dependent on non-coding RNAs and results in the conversion of NCoR from a constitutive co-repressor to a signal-dependent co-activator of gene expression.

Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 plays a key role in osteogenesis by enhancing RUNX2 stability through citrullination.
Cell Death Dis. 2023 Aug 30;14(8):576. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-06101-7. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that PADI2 regulates osteoblast differentiation and function in part by binding to and citrullinating RUNX2, leading to its stabilization from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation.

Ixeris dentata and Lactobacillus gasseri media protect against periodontitis through Nrf2-HO-1 signalling pathway.
Sci Rep. 2023 Aug 8;13(1):12861. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39853-5. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that extracts of lactic acid bacteria IXD and LGM act synergistically to confer protection against periodontitis by lowering oxidative stress and exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

Osteoclastogenesis Requires Primary Cilia Disassembly and Can Be Inhibited by Promoting Primary Cilia Formation Pharmacologically.
Cells Tissues Organs. 2024;213(3):235-244. doi: 10.1159/000531098. Epub 2023 May 22. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing macrophages (but not osteoclasts) to possess a primary cilium, whose incidence and length was extended by fenoldopam mesylate treatment, coincident with a significant decrease in osteoclast marker expression and osteoclast formation.

Osteoblast-derived extracellular vesicles exert osteoblastic and tumor-suppressive functions via SERPINA3 and LCN2 in prostate cancer.
Mol Oncol. 2023 Oct;17(10):2147-2167. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.13484. Epub 2023 Aug 4. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing the interaction between osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoblastic (but not lytic) prostate cancer cells (BPCa) specifically induced SERPINA3 and LCN2 expression in BPCa via OB-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that high expression of SERPINA3 and LCN2 were significantly correlated with a better prognosis.

Effect of Ishophloroglucin A Isolated from Ishige okamurae on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis.
Mar Drugs. 2023 Jun 26;21(7):377. doi: 10.3390/md21070377. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that the Brown algae phlorotannin compound Ishophloroglucin A (IPA) inhibits in vitro osteoclastogenesis and likely promotes osteoblastogenesis.

RANKL inhibition reduces lesional cellularity and Gα(s) variant expression and enables osteogenic maturation in fibrous dysplasia.
Bone Res. 2024 Feb 20;12(1):10. doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00311-7. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Bone Resorption Kit was used in a study demonstrating that beyond its expected anti-resorptive effects, denosumab reduces Fibrous Dysplasia (FD) lesion activity by reducing the expression of pathogenic Gαs variants in FD, decreasing FD cell proliferation and increasing its osteogenic maturation, leading to increased lesional bone formation.

Eribulin mesylate induces bone mass loss by promoting osteoclastic bone resorption in mice.
Bone Rep. 2023 May 30;18:101693. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101693. eCollection 2023 Jun. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study indicating that the chemotherapeutic agent Eribulin reduced bone mass, mainly by promoting osteo- clastic bone resorption via reduced transcript levels of osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor of RANK ligand.

Effects of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides on osteoclast differentiation of RAW264 cells, and myotube differentiation of C2C12 cells.
PLoS One. 2023 Apr 13;18(4):e0284343. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284343. eCollection 2023. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study suggesting that in vitro oligo- chondroitin sulfate exhibits stronger bioactivity than high-molecular weight chondroitin sulfate.

Changes in superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression in periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement of rat molars and the effect of SOD3 on in vitro hypoxia-exposed rat periodontal ligament cells.
Eur J Orthod. 2023 Jul 31;45(4):430-437. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjad005. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that SOD3 can play a role in periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement and in hypoxia-exposed rat periodontal ligament cells through ROS, HIF-1α, and RANKL/OPG pathways.

The Fungal Metabolite (+)-Terrein Abrogates Inflammatory Bone Resorption via the Suppression of TNF-α Production in a Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Mouse Model.
J Fungi (Basel). 2023 Mar 3;9(3):314. doi: 10.3390/jof9030314. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that synthetic (+)-terrein can ameliorate alveolar bone resorption via suppression of TNF-alpha production and osteoclast differentiation in a ligature-induced mouse model of periodontitis.

Novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor TAS5315 suppresses the progression of inflammation and joint destruction in rodent collagen-induced arthritis.
PLoS One. 2023 Feb 23;18(2):e0282117. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282117. eCollection 2023. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing TAS5315, a highly potent and selective BTK inhibitor, to inhibit FcγR and RANK signaling, leading to therapeutic effects against synovial inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion in rodent models of RA.

Dasatinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevents joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis animal model.
Int J Rheum Dis. 2023 Apr;26(4):718-726. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.14627. Epub 2023 Feb 21. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that dasatinib protected against arthritis in an animal model of RA by regulating the differentiation of regulatory and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

Peroxiredoxin 5 regulates osteogenic differentiation through interaction with hnRNPK during bone regeneration.
Elife. 2023 Feb 3;12:e80122. doi: 10.7554/eLife.80122. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to assess the extent of osteoclast differentiation in a study showing peroxiredoxin 5 (Predx5) regulates osteoblast differentiation through interaction with hnRNPK during bone regeneration, possibly contributing to bone homeostasis.

Crucial Role of Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1 in RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 10;24(4):3605. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043605. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of the role of LSD1 in regulating RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation, focusing on the ability of LSD1 inhibitors GSK2879552 and GSK‐LSD1 to repress osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro.

Essentiality of Nfatc1 short isoform in osteoclast differentiation and its self-regulation.
Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 1;13(1):18797. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45909-3. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing a novel culture system in which hematopoietic stem cells proliferated and differentiated into osteoclasts to show that the Nfatc1/αA isoform is essential for osteoclastogenesis and is responsible for the expression of various osteoclast markers.

Tm4sf19 deficiency inhibits osteoclast multinucleation and prevents bone loss.
Metabolism. 2024 Feb;151:155746. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155746. Epub 2023 Nov 26. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that identified Tm4sf19, a member of the tetraspanin family, as a regulator of osteoclast function and demonstrated that in vivo administration of an Fc fusion with the large extracellular loop of Tm4sf19 prevented bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model.

Extracellular Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) modulate osteocytic viability, expression of SOST, RANKL and FGF23, and fluid flow-induced YAP1 nuclear translocation.
Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 1;13(1):21173. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48436-3. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that explored the impact of iron overload in osteocytes, finding increased apoptosis in early and late stages of differentiation and cellular adaptation that results in insensitivity to mechanical stimulation.

Anti-NF-κB peptide derived from nuclear acidic protein attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice.
JCI Insight. 2023 Nov 22;8(22):e171962. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.171962. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that employing a newly developed small nuclear acidic protein-derived anti–NF-κB peptide whose intraperitoneal injection in mice attenuated ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, and inhibiting sclerostin production by osteocytes.

Exosomes from dental pulp cells attenuate bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis.
J Periodontal Res. 2022 Jan;57(1):162-172. doi: 10.1111/jre.12949. Epub 2021 Nov 26. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing human leukocyte antigen haplotype homo (HHH) dental pulp cell (DPC) exosomes stimulated the migration of human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells and effectively attenuated bone loss due to periodontitis.

DJ-1 controls T cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Sci Rep. 2022 Jul 27;12(1):12767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16285-1. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that DJ-1 regulates Th17/Treg balance, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, rheumatoid arthritis–fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation, and osteoclastogenesis.

EC-18 prevents autoimmune arthritis by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and osteoclastogenesis.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2022 Nov 17;24(1):254. doi: 10.1186/s13075-022-02941-4. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing the murine collagen-induced arthritis model of human rheumatoid arthritis to demonstrate the effectiveness of EC-18 in reducing clinical and histological severity.

Mitigating RANKL-induced cholesterol overload in macrophages with β-cyclodextrin-threaded polyrotaxanes suppresses osteoclastogenesis.
Biomater Sci. 2022 Sep 13;10(18):5230-5242. doi: 10.1039/d2bm00833e. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study reporting an improvement (acid-degradable PRXs) in the strategy of free cholesterol encapsulation to inhibit osteoclast differentiation that may prove useful for treating bone defects caused by osteoclast overactivity.

Deer Antler Reserve Mesenchyme Cell-Conditioned Medium Reduces the Destruction of Periodontitis in Mice.
Stem Cells Dev. 2022 Dec;31(23-24):766-776. doi: 10.1089/scd.2022.0110. Epub 2022 Oct 18. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing conditioned medium from a type of deer antler stem cells (ASCs) could significantly reduce alveolar bone resorption and inhibit inflammation in gingival tissue by decreasing the activation of osteoclasts and inducing macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype.

Investigation of bone invasion and underlying mechanisms of oral cancer using a cell line-derived xenograft model.
Oncol Lett. 2022 Sep 13;24(5):382. doi: 10.3892/ol.2022.13502. eCollection 2022 Nov. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of oral squamous cell carcinoma using a cell line-derived xenograft model to show that gingival-derived stromal cells promote bone invasion by activating osteoclasts on the bone surface, whereas periodontal ligament tissue-derived stromal cells exert an inhibitory effect.

Zoledronic acid generates a spatiotemporal effect to attenuate osteoarthritis by inhibiting potential Wnt5a-associated abnormal subchondral bone resorption.
PLoS One. 2022 Jul 28;17(7):e0271485. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271485. eCollection 2022. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of osteoarthritis showing zoledronic acid to act early in an experimental disease process, inhibiting osteoclast bone resorption, thereby improving subchondral bone remodeling, delaying disease progression and reducing cartilage degeneration.

Identification of Novel Genes for Cell Fusion during Osteoclast Formation.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jun 8;23(12):6421. doi: 10.3390/ijms23126421. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the genes Calcrl, Marco, and Ube3a to be novel determinants of osteoclastogenesis, especially with respect to cell fusion.

ROS-responsive resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin nanomicelles reduce inflammatory osteolysis.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2022 Nov;219:112819. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112819. Epub 2022 Sep 1. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing a PEGylated cyclodextrin-based nanoplatform for local delivery of resveratrol in nanomicelles can be employed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.

IL-27 Modulates the Cytokine Secretion in the T Cell-Osteoclast Crosstalk During HIV Infection.
Front Immunol. 2022 Apr 5;13:818677. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818677. eCollection 2022. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing in vitro coculture of T cells and osteoclasts from HIV-infected individuals and healthy controls to evaluate the effect of T cell immune activation on cytokine secretion, and the potential regulatory effect of IL-27.

Pentosan polysulfate regulates hepcidin 1-facilitated formation and function of osteoclast derived from canine bone marrow.
PLoS One. 2022 Mar 17;17(3):e0265596. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265596. eCollection 2022. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing heparin analogue pentosan polysulfate inhibits hepcidin-facilitated osteoclast differentiation and iron overload.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Osteoinductivity of Demineralized Dentin Matrix for Allografts: A Preliminary Study.
J Funct Biomater. 2022 Jan 31;13(1):14. doi: 10.3390/jfb13010014. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that 15 and 25 kGy gamma radiation doses did not affect the osteoinduction capacity of demineralized dentin matrix.

SOST gene suppression stimulates osteocyte Wnt/β-catenin signaling to prevent bone resorption and attenuates particle-induced osteolysis.
J Mol Med (Berl). 2023 May;101(5):607-620. doi: 10.1007/s00109-023-02319-2. Epub 2023 May 1. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing SOST inhibition triggered the osteocyte Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade and prevented wear particle-induced osteoclastogenesis.

A Novel HDAC1-Selective Inhibitor Attenuates Autoimmune Arthritis by Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokine Production.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2022;45(9):1364-1372. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00321. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing TTA03-107, a novel HDAC1 isozyme-specific inhibitor, attenuated disease severity in the collagen-induced arthritis and collagen antibody-induced arthritis models.

Excessive osteoclast activation by osteoblast paracrine factor RANKL is a major cause of the abnormal long bone phenotype in Apert syndrome model mice.
J Cell Physiol. 2022 Apr;237(4):2155-2168. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30682. Epub 2022 Jan 20. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating a major causative mechanism for bone loss and short long-bones in Fgfr2(S252W/+) mice, a model for human Apert syndrome, is an imbalance in osteoblast - osteoclast coupling due to abnormally increased Rankl expression in mutant osteoblasts.

METTL14 upregulates TCF1 through m6A mRNA methylation to stimulate osteogenic activity in osteoporosis.
Hum Cell. 2023 Jan;36(1):178-194. doi: 10.1007/s13577-022-00825-y. Epub 2022 Nov 19. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing METTL14 plays a protective role against osteoporosis by promoting the TCF1/RUNX2 axis.

D-galactose-induced aging aggravates obesity-induced bone dyshomeostasis.
Sci Rep. 2022 May 20;12(1):8580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12206-4. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing obesity aggravating systemic aging, systemic oxidative stress, and bone dyshomeostasis in D-gal-induced aging in a time-dependent manner.

Functional improvement of collagen-based bioscaffold to enhance periodontal-defect healing via combination with dietary antioxidant and COMP-angiopoietin 1.
Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2022 Apr;135:112673. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112673. Epub 2022 Jan 21. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating that a coumaric acid-conjugated absorbable collagen scaffold impregnated with recombinant human-cartilage oligomeric matrix protein angiopoietin 1 enhances bone regeneration at therapeutic sites.

Effects of Scaffold Shape on Bone Regeneration: Tiny Shape Differences Affect the Entire System.
ACS Nano. 2022 Aug 23;16(8):11755-11768. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03776. Epub 2022 Jul 14. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the impact of macroscopic scaffold shape in bone regeneration.

Improvement of Biological Effects of Root-Filling Materials for Primary Teeth by Incorporating Sodium Iodide.
Molecules. 2022 May 4;27(9):2927. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092927. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a pre-clinical study showing NaI-incorporated materials to be improved substitutes for iodoform-counterparts in root-filling materials.

Astaxanthin Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Damage to Bone Marrow and to Bone Marrow-Retained Stem Cells and Restores Normal Hematopoiesis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Nov 23;11(12):2321. doi: 10.3390/antiox11122321. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing astaxanthin protects against diabetes-induced damage in the bone marrow microenvironment, improving the function of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and restoring normal hematopoiesis and bone accrual in streptozotocin-injected mice.

Immunomodulatory Effect and Bone Homeostasis Regulation in Osteoblasts Differentiated from hADMSCs via the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis.
Cells. 2022 Oct 7;11(19):3152. doi: 10.3390/cells11193152. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the regulatory function and immunomodulatory effects of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis on osteogenic properties in osteoblasts as well as its regenerative, homeostasis-maintaining effects in a cocultured system of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Attenuative effects of collagen peptide from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.
Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Oct 8;12(1):116-130. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3746. eCollection 2024 Jan.