TRAP Staining Kit

Cosmo Bio LTD

Catalog No: PMC-AK04F

Click here to browse a well organized list of products for Bone, Collagen, and Extracellular Matrix research.

Please click here to view other Bone-related Products

Click here to view our exclusive collection of PMC products. 

The TRAP Staining Kit (Cat.No.PMC-AK04F-COS) is used for the staining of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase in osteoclasts. Bone mass is controlled by the balance between the activity of osteoblasts bone formation and the activity of osteoclasts. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP: ALP staining kit, Cat.No.PMC-AK20-COS) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphate are used as markers for osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively.

Kit Components

• Tartrate-containing Buffer     50ml
• Chromogenic Substrate         10 Vials

Note: Store at 4°C

Protocol (96-well plate format):

1. Remove culture medium. Wash each well once with 100 ul of PBS.
2. Add 50 ul of the 10% Formalin Neutral Buffer Solution to each well and fix for 5 minutes at room temperature.
3. Wash each well with 250 ul of deionized water. (x 3 times)
4. Dissolve 1 vial of Chromogenic Substrate with 5 ml of Tartrate-containing Buffer.
5. Add 50 ul of Chromogenic Substrates to each well.
6. Incubate at 37°C for 20-60 minutes. Adjust incubation time until stained TRAP is clearly showing the result in figure 1.
7. Wash with deionized water to stop the reaction.

Note: Excess incubation will be cause of over staining.

References

1) Sunao Takesita, Keisuke Kaji, Akira Kudo. Identification and Characterization of the New Osteoclast Progenitor with Macrophage Phenotypes
Being Able to Differentiate into Mature Osteoclasts. JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH Volume 15, Number 8 (2000). 1477-1488.
(2) BEN A. A. SCHEVEN, JONE S. MILNE, SIMON P. ROBINS. A SEQUENTIAL CULTURE APPROACH TO STUDY OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FROM NONADHERENT PORCINE BONE MARROW CELLS. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. July-August (1998). Animal 34: 568-577.
(3) Martha J. Somerman, Janice E. Berry, Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis, Philip Osdoby, Robert U. Simpson. Enhanced Expression of α v Integrin Subunit and
Osteopontin during Differentiation of HL-60 Cells along Monocytic Pathway. EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH 216, 335-341(1995).
(4) Ichiro Itonaga, Afsie Sabokbar, Susan D. Neale, Nicholas A. Athanasou. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Prostaglandin E2 Act Directly on Circulating Human Osteoclast Precursors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 264, 590-595(1999).
(5) Hiroshi Takayanagi, Kouetsu Ogasawara, Shigeaki Hida, Tomoki Chiba, Shigeo Murata, Kojiro Sato, Akinori Takaoka, Taeko Yokochi, Hiromi Oda, Keiji Tanaka, Kozo Nakamura and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. T-cell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signaling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN- α Nature, Vol. 408, No.6812, 600-605, 30 November 2000.
(6) Morinobu, A., Biao, W., Tanaka, S., Horiuchi, M., Jun, L., Tsuji,G., Sakai, Y., Kurosaka, M., Kumagai, S. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Ameliorates Experimental Arthritisv in Mice. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 2012-2018 (2008)
(7) Hase, H., Kanno, Y., Kojima, H., Sakurai, D., Kobata, T. Coculture of Osteoclast Precursors With Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts Induces Osteoclastogenesis via Transforming Growth Factor beta-Mediated Down-Regulation of Osteoprotegerin. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 3356-3365 (2008)
(8) Cao, H., Kuboyama, N. A Biodegradable Porous Composite Scaffold of PGA/beta-TCP for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bone. 46, 386-395 (2010)
(9) Okada, Y., Hamada, N., Kim, Y., Takahashi, Y., Sasaguri, K., Ozono, S., Sato, S. Blockade of Sympathetic beta-receptors Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis-induced Alveolar Bone Loss in an Experimental Rat Periodontitis Model. Arch. Oral Biol. 55, 502-508 (2010)
(10) Okamoto, A., Ohnishi, T., Bandow, K., Kakimoto, K., Chiba, N., Maeda, A., Fukunaga, T., Miyawaki, S., Matsuguchi, T. Reduction of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Experimentally Induced Periodontal Inflammation in Mice. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 117, 238-247 (2009)

Frequently Asked Questions
Question Is the Kit recommended for paraffin-embedded tissue use?
Answer Unfortunately, we do not have experience using the kit with paraffin-embeeded tissue. However, samples fixed with Formalin are unable to be stained.

Question On the datasheet, it is indicated that the kit is capable of staining 10 x 96-well plates. Could you please tell me the procedures when using a 6-well plate?
Answer Please use 30 times more reagent compared to when using the 96-well plate. For example the amount of coloring agent per well will be 1.5ml.

Question Will staining of macrophages be positive with the kit staining?
Answer Yes, macrophages will stain positive too.

Question When carrying out immunofluorescence, can the kit be used together? If possible, please let us know the protocol.
Answer We do not have any experience using the kit with immunofluorescence, however it may be possible, thus we kindly ask you to try it out. Unfortunately, we can not guarantee results.

Question How long can the chromogenic substrate solution be kept at 4C once dissolved?
Answer Unfortuantely, Chromogenic substrate can't be stored after dissolution. Because it should be prepared prior to carrying out the experiment, chromogenic substrate is supplied at small units of 3mg in 10 vials.

Question Do you offer a smaller size kit for this product?
Answer Unfortunately no.

Citations for TRAP Staining Kit – 69 Found

Kurinami, Hitomi; Shimamura, Munehisa; Nakagami, Hironori; Shimizu, Hideo; Koriyama, Hiroshi; Kawano, Tomohiro; Wakayama, Kouji; Mochizuki, Hideki; Rakugi, Hiromi; Morishita, Ryuichi. A Novel Therapeutic Peptide as a Partial Agonist of RANKL in Ischemic Stroke. Scientific Reports. 2016;6( 27897273):38062. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity is required for osteoclastogenesis by facilitating binding of p65 to the NFATc1 promoter via promoting p65 denitrosation, suggesting that GSNOR may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of osteolytic diseases.

Kim, Seonyoung; Kang, Seok-Seong; Choi, Soo-Im; Kim, Gun-Hee; Imm, Jee-Young. Ecklonia cava Extract Containing Dieckol Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis via MAP Kinase/NF-κB Pathway Inhibition and Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction. Journal Of Microbiology And Biotechnology. 2019;29(1):11-20. 

Morita, Takayoshi; Shima, Yoshihito; Fujimoto, Kosuke; Tsuboi, Hideki; Saeki, Yukihiko; Narazaki, Masashi; Ogata, Atsushi; Kumanogoh, Atsushi. Anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand antibody treatment increases osteoclastogenesis-promoting IL-8 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. International Immunology. 2019;31(5):277-285. 

Zhuang, Jinliang; Li, Xun; Zhang, Yi; Shi, Ruixin; Shi, Ce; Yu, Dongsheng; Bao, Xingfu; Hu, Min. Sema6A-plexin-A2 axis stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through PLCγ-mediated NFATc1 activation. Life Sciences. 2019;222( 30826495):29-35. 

Madhyastha, Radha; Madhyastha, Harishkumar; Pengjam, Yutthana; Nurrahmah, Queen Intan; Nakajima, Yuichi; Maruyama, Masugi. The pivotal role of microRNA-21 in osteoclastogenesis inhibition by anthracycline glycoside aloin. Journal Of Natural Medicines. 2019;73(1):59-66. 

Ariza, Yuko; Murata, Masayuki; Ueda, Yoshiko; Yoshizawa, Toshio. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor tirabrutinib suppresses osteoclastic bone resorption. Bone Reports. 2019;10( 30956999):100201. 

Hong, Yunkyung; Lee, Seunghoon; Choi, Jeonghyun; Jin, Yunho; Won, Jinyoung; Hong, Yonggeun. Conditional Controlled Light/Dark Cycle Influences Exercise-Induced Benefits in a Rat Model with Osteoarthritis: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Journal Of Clinical Medicine. 2019;8(11) 

Kitaguchi, Kazuma; Kashii, Masafumi; Ebina, Kosuke; Kaito, Takashi; Okada, Rintaro; Makino, Takahiro; Etani, Yuki; Ishimoto, Takuya; Nakano, Takayoshi; Yoshikawa, Hideki. The combined effects of teriparatide and anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody on bone defect regeneration in ovariectomized mice. Bone. 2020;130( 31622773):115077. 

Kitaguchi, Kazuma; Kashii, Masafumi; Ebina, Kosuke; Kaito, Takashi; Okada, Rintaro; Makino, Takahiro; Noguchi, Takaaki; Ishimoto, Takuya; Nakano, Takayoshi; Yoshikawa, Hideki. Effects of single or combination therapy of teriparatide and anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody on bone defect regeneration in mice. Bone. 2018;106( 28978416):1-10. 

Park, Geun-Yeong; Park, Jeong-Ae; Kang, Mi-Sun. In Vitro Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation. Journal Of Functional Biomaterials. 2024;15(3) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study evaluating the effects of oral probiotic strains of Weissella cibaria (CMU and CMS1) on RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells, showing that dead bacteria significantly downregulated all osteoclast-related genes, whereas metabolites only effectively downregulated certain genes.

Promta, Patarawadee; Chaiyosang, Patcharaporn; Panya, Aussara; Laorodphun, Pongrapee; Leelapornpisid, Warat; Imerb, Napatsorn. The Evaluation of Anti-Osteoclastic Activity of the Novel Calcium Hydroxide Biodegradable Nanoparticles as an Intracanal Medicament. Journal Of Endodontics. 2024;50(5):667-673. 

Alsubait, Sara Abdulrahman. Effect of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer on the retention of fiber posts cemented at different time intervals. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2021;33(7):718-723. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that a panel of calcium silicate-based sealers showed a favorable bone tissue response when injected into the rat mandible.

Gaudenzi, Carolina; Schioppa, Tiziana; Passari, Mauro; Zucchi, Giovanni; Tiberio, Laura; Vahidi, Yasmin; Scutera, Sara; Musso, Tiziana; Sozzani, Silvano; Del Prete, Annalisa; Salvi, Valentina; Bosisio, Daniela. Extracellular microRNAs induce dendritic cell-dependent joint inflammation and potentiate osteoclast differentiation via TLR7/8 engagement. Journal Of Autoimmunity. 2024;145( 38442677):103189. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that the pool of extracellular miRNAs overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis joints can act as a physiological activator of inflammation via the stimulation of TLR8 expressed by human DCs, which in turn exert arthritogenic functions.

Zainuri, Masagus; Purba, Jan; Wa Jusman, Sri; Bachtiar, Endang W. Conditioned-medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth prevent apoptosis of neural progenitors. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2022;34(7):565-571. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study demonstrating that conditioned medium from stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth restores the injured temporomandibular joint by inducing M2-polarized synovial macrophages.

Miura, Taihei; Etani, Yuki; Noguchi, Takaaki; Hirao, Makoto; Takami, Kenji; Goshima, Atsushi; Kurihara, Takuya; Fukuda, Yuji; Ochiai, Nagahiro; Kanamoto, Takashi; Nakata, Ken; Okada, Seiji; Ebina, Kosuke. Iguratimod suppresses sclerostin and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand production via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/early growth response protein 1/tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway in osteocytes and ameliorates disuse osteoporosis in mice. Bone. 2024;181( 38325651):117026. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing that the antirheumatic drug iguratimod (IGU) inhibited sclerostin and RANKL production through the ERK/EGR1/TNFα pathway in osteocytes, suggesting its potential as an osteocyte-targeted treatment for disuse osteoporosis.

Liu, Shumin; Lu, Qian; Wang, Min; Guo, Huilin; Wang, Yiwen; Nong, Jingwen; Wang, Shuo; Xia, Haibin; Xia, Ting; Sun, Huifang. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent p65 denitrosation promotes osteoclastogenesis by facilitating recruitment of p65 to NFATc1 promoter. Bone. 2024;181( 38311303):117036. 

Azuma, Kotaro; Ikeda, Kazuhiro; Shiba, Sachiko; Sato, Wataru; Horie, Kuniko; Hasegawa, Tomoka; Amizuka, Norio; Tanaka, Shinya; Inoue, Satoshi. EBAG9-deficient mice display decreased bone mineral density with suppressed autophagy. Iscience. 2024;27(2):108871. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study showing Ebag9-knockout mice exhibit fragile bones with low bone mineral density due to decreased bone formation and enhanced bone resorption arising from a role with interacting protein TMSF1 in osteoblast and osteoclast autophagy.

Imura, Kosuke; Takeda, Akihito; Endo, Masato; Funakoshi, Kengo. Innervation and osteoclast distribution in the inferior pharyngeal jaw of the cichlid Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.j. : 2007). 2024;307(6):2139-2148. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect contact between osteoclasts and peripheral nerves in the inferior pharyngeal jaw of Nile tilapia, suggesting that the peripheral nervous system may play a role in its remodeling as it adapts to environmental changes in prey type.

Sirisereephap, Kridtapat; Tamura, Hikaru; Lim, Jong-Hyung; Surboyo, Meircurius Dwi Condro; Isono, Toshihito; Hiyoshi, Takumi; Rosenkranz, Andrea L; Sato-Yamada, Yurie; Domon, Hisanori; Ikeda, Akari; Hirose, Tomoyasu; Sunazuka, Toshiaki; Yoshiba, Nagako; Okada, Hiroyuki; Terao, Yutaka; Maeda, Takeyasu; Tabeta, Koichi; Chavakis, Triantafyllos; Hajishengallis, George; Maekawa, Tomoki. A novel macrolide-Del-1 axis to regenerate bone in old age. Iscience. 2024;27(2):108798. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to detect osteoclasts in a study revealing a macrolide–DEL-1 axis that can regenerate bone loss due to aging-related disease.

Sakashita, Misaki; Kondo, Shigeru; Wada, Naoyuki. Lateral bone ridge expansion and internal tissue replacement for vertebral body growth in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. Journal Of Morphology. 2024;285(2):e21666. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that used micro‐computed tomography scans and histological staining to observe the development of teleost vertebrae.

Chuu, Jiunn-Jye; Lu, Jeng-Wei; Chang, Hung-Ju; Chu, You-Hsiang; Peng, Yi-Jen; Ho, Yi-Jung; Shen, Pei-Hung; Cheng, Yu-Shuan; Cheng, Chia-Hui; Liu, Yi-Chien; Wang, Chih-Chien. Attenuative effects of collagen peptide from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Food Science & Nutrition. 2024;12(1):116-130. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of collagen peptides extracted from milkfish scales on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells, osteoblast proliferation in MG-63 cells, and osteoporosis in a mouse model.

Tokuda, Kanako; Lu, Shiou-Ling; Zhang, Zidi; Kato, Yumiko; Chen, Siyu; Noda, Kazuya; Hirose, Katsutoshi; Usami, Yu; Uzawa, Narikazu; Murakami, Shinya; Toyosawa, Satoru; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Sun-Wada, Ge-Hong; Wada, Yoh; Noda, Takeshi. Rab32 and Rab38 maintain bone homeostasis by regulating intracellular traffic in osteoclasts. Cell Structure And Function. 2023;48(2):223-239. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that Rab32/38 DKO mice, despite supporting normal in vitro osteoclast differentiation, exhibit impaired osteoclast intracellular trafficking and bone resorptive function leading to abnormal bone homeostasis.

Abe, Yohei; Kofman, Eric R; Almeida, Maria; Ouyang, Zhengyu; Ponte, Filipa; Mueller, Jasmine R; Cruz-Becerra, Grisel; Sakai, Mashito; Prohaska, Thomas A; Spann, Nathanael J; Resende-Coelho, Ana; Seidman, Jason S; Stender, Joshua D; Taylor, Havilah; Fan, Weiwei; Link, Verena M; Cobo, Isidoro; Schlachetzki, Johannes C M; Hamakubo, Takao; Jepsen, Kristen; Sakai, Juro; Downes, Michael; Evans, Ronald M; Yeo, Gene W; Kadonaga, James T; Manolagas, Stavros C; Rosenfeld, Michael G; Glass, Christopher K. RANK ligand converts the NCoR/HDAC3 co-repressor to a PGC1β- and RNA-dependent co-activator of osteoclast gene expression. Molecular Cell. 2023;83(19):3421-3437.e11. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study revealing the requirement of NCoR for activation of RANKL-dependent genes and osteoclast differentiation, leading mice lacking NCoR in the myeloid lineage to exhibit a high bone mass phenotype. Further, it is demonstrated that RANK signaling promotes the assembly of a 2 MDa NCoR/HDAC3/PGC1b complex that is dependent on non-coding RNAs and results in the conversion of NCoR from a constitutive co-repressor to a signal-dependent co-activator of gene expression.

Kim, Hyun-Jung; Shin, Hye-Rim; Yoon, Heein; Park, Min-Sang; Kim, Byung-Gyu; Moon, Jae-I; Kim, Woo-Jin; Park, Seung Gwa; Kim, Ki-Tae; Kim, Ha-Neui; Choi, Je-Yong; Ryoo, Hyun-Mo. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 plays a key role in osteogenesis by enhancing RUNX2 stability through citrullination. Cell Death & Disease. 2023;14(8):576. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that PADI2 regulates osteoblast differentiation and function in part by binding to and citrullinating RUNX2, leading to its stabilization from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation.

Lee, Hwa-Young; Lee, Geum-Hwa; Kim, Ji-Hyun; Cheng, Jinhua; Cho, Joo-Hyung; Suh, Joo-Won; Chae, Han-Jung. Ixeris dentata and Lactobacillus gasseri media protect against periodontitis through Nrf2-HO-1 signalling pathway. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):12861. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that extracts of lactic acid bacteria IXD and LGM act synergistically to confer protection against periodontitis by lowering oxidative stress and exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

Sutton, Michael M; Duffy, Michael P; Verbruggen, Stefaan W; Jacobs, Christopher R. Osteoclastogenesis Requires Primary Cilia Disassembly and Can Be Inhibited by Promoting Primary Cilia Formation Pharmacologically. Cells, Tissues, Organs. 213(3):235-244. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing macrophages (but not osteoclasts) to possess a primary cilium, whose incidence and length was extended by fenoldopam mesylate treatment, coincident with a significant decrease in osteoclast marker expression and osteoclast formation.

Ito, Kagenori; Yamamoto, Tomofumi; Hayashi, Yusuke; Sato, Shun; Nakayama, Jun; Urabe, Fumihiko; Shimasaki, Takeo; Nakamura, Eijiro; Matui, Yoshiyuki; Fujimoto, Hiroyuki; Kimura, Takahiro; Egawa, Shin; Ochiya, Takahiro; Yamamoto, Yusuke. Osteoblast-derived extracellular vesicles exert osteoblastic and tumor-suppressive functions via SERPINA3 and LCN2 in prostate cancer. Molecular Oncology. 2023;17(10):2147-2167. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing the interaction between osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoblastic (but not lytic) prostate cancer cells (BPCa) specifically induced SERPINA3 and LCN2 expression in BPCa via OB-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that high expression of SERPINA3 and LCN2 were significantly correlated with a better prognosis.

Cho, Su-Hyeon; Kim, Hyun-Soo; Jung, Hye-Yeon; Park, Jae-Il; Jang, You-Jee; Ahn, Juhee; Kim, Kil-Nam. Effect of Ishophloroglucin A Isolated from Ishige okamurae on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis. Marine Drugs. 2023;21(7) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that the Brown algae phlorotannin compound Ishophloroglucin A (IPA) inhibits in vitro osteoclastogenesis and likely promotes osteoblastogenesis.

de Castro, Luis F; Whitlock, Jarred M; Michel, Zachary; Pan, Kristen; Taylor, Jocelyn; Szymczuk, Vivian; Boyce, Brendan; Martin, Daniel; Kram, Vardit; Galisteo, Rebeca; Melikov, Kamran; Chernomordik, Leonid V; Collins, Michael T; Boyce, Alison M. RANKL inhibition reduces lesional cellularity and Gα(s) variant expression and enables osteogenic maturation in fibrous dysplasia. Bone Research. 2024;12(1):10. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Bone Resorption Kit was used in a study demonstrating that beyond its expected anti-resorptive effects, denosumab reduces Fibrous Dysplasia (FD) lesion activity by reducing the expression of pathogenic Gαs variants in FD, decreasing FD cell proliferation and increasing its osteogenic maturation, leading to increased lesional bone formation.

Ishizaka, Takahiro; Horiuchi, Keisuke; Kondo, Shinya; Isaji, Masashi; Nakagawa, Takahiro; Inoue, Masahiro; Rikitake, Hajime; Taguchi, Eiko; Susa, Michiro; Yoda, Masaki; Ono, Takeshi; Kozai, Yusuke; Chiba, Kazuhiro. Eribulin mesylate induces bone mass loss by promoting osteoclastic bone resorption in mice. Bone Reports. 2023;18( 37305428):101693. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study indicating that the chemotherapeutic agent Eribulin reduced bone mass, mainly by promoting osteo- clastic bone resorption via reduced transcript levels of osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor of RANK ligand.

Uchiyama, Hirofumi; Muramatsu, Daisuke; Higashi, Hideaki; Kida, Hiroshi; Iwai, Atsushi. Effects of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides on osteoclast differentiation of RAW264 cells, and myotube differentiation of C2C12 cells. Plos One. 18(4):e0284343. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study suggesting that in vitro oligo- chondroitin sulfate exhibits stronger bioactivity than high-molecular weight chondroitin sulfate.

Jindarojanakul, Phanchanit; Kobayashi, Yukiho; Kamimoto, Hiroyuki; Niki, Yuki; Chan Myo, Aye; Satrawaha, Sirichom; Moriyama, Keiji. Changes in superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression in periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement of rat molars and the effect of SOD3 on in vitro hypoxia-exposed rat periodontal ligament cells. European Journal Of Orthodontics. 2023;45(4):430-437. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that SOD3 can play a role in periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement and in hypoxia-exposed rat periodontal ligament cells through ROS, HIF-1α, and RANKL/OPG pathways.

Sako, Hidefumi; Omori, Kazuhiro; Nakayama, Masaaki; Mandai, Hiroki; Ideguchi, Hidetaka; Yoshimura-Nakagawa, Saki; Sakaida, Kyosuke; Nagata-Kamei, Chiaki; Kobayashi, Hiroya; Ishii, Satoki; Ono, Mitsuaki; Ibaragi, Soichiro; Yamamoto, Tadashi; Suga, Seiji; Takashiba, Shogo. The Fungal Metabolite (+)-Terrein Abrogates Inflammatory Bone Resorption via the Suppression of TNF-α Production in a Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Mouse Model. Journal Of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;9(3) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that synthetic (+)-terrein can ameliorate alveolar bone resorption via suppression of TNF-alpha production and osteoclast differentiation in a ligature-induced mouse model of periodontitis.

Akasaka, Daichi; Iguchi, Satoru; Kaneko, Ryusuke; Yoshiga, Yohei; Kajiwara, Daisuke; Nakachi, Yoshinori; Noma, Naruto; Tanaka, Kenji; Shimizu, Atsushi; Hosoi, Fumihito. Novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor TAS5315 suppresses the progression of inflammation and joint destruction in rodent collagen-induced arthritis. Plos One. 18(2):e0282117. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing TAS5315, a highly potent and selective BTK inhibitor, to inhibit FcγR and RANK signaling, leading to therapeutic effects against synovial inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion in rodent models of RA.

Min, Hong Ki; Kim, Se Hee; Won, Ji-Yeon; Kim, Kyoung-Woon; Lee, Ji-Yeon; Lee, Sang-Heon; Kim, Hae-Rim. Dasatinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevents joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis animal model. International Journal Of Rheumatic Diseases. 2023;26(4):718-726. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that dasatinib protected against arthritis in an animal model of RA by regulating the differentiation of regulatory and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

Cho, Eunjin; Che, Xiangguo; Ang, Mary Jasmin; Cheon, Seongmin; Lee, Jinkyung; Kim, Kwang Soo; Lee, Chang Hoon; Lee, Sang-Yeop; Yang, Hee-Young; Moon, Changjong; Park, Chungoo; Choi, Je-Yong; Lee, Tae-Hoon. Peroxiredoxin 5 regulates osteogenic differentiation through interaction with hnRNPK during bone regeneration. Elife. 2023;12( 36735291) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used to assess the extent of osteoclast differentiation in a study showing peroxiredoxin 5 (Predx5) regulates osteoblast differentiation through interaction with hnRNPK during bone regeneration, possibly contributing to bone homeostasis.

Ding, Mina; Chen, Zhihao; Cho, Eunjin; Park, Sang-Wook; Lee, Tae-Hoon. Crucial Role of Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1 in RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(4) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of the role of LSD1 in regulating RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation, focusing on the ability of LSD1 inhibitors GSK2879552 and GSK‐LSD1 to repress osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro.

Omata, Yasuhiro; Tachibana, Hideyuki; Aizaki, Yoshimi; Mimura, Toshihide; Sato, Kojiro. Essentiality of Nfatc1 short isoform in osteoclast differentiation and its self-regulation. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):18797. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing a novel culture system in which hematopoietic stem cells proliferated and differentiated into osteoclasts to show that the Nfatc1/αA isoform is essential for osteoclastogenesis and is responsible for the expression of various osteoclast markers.

Park, Sujin; Heo, Jin Sun; Mizuno, Seiya; Kim, Minwoo; An, Haein; Hong, Eunji; Kang, Min Gi; Kim, Junil; Yun, Rebecca; Park, Hyeyeon; Noh, Eun Hye; Lee, Min Jung; Yoon, Kwiyeom; Kim, Pyunggang; Son, Minjung; Pang, Kyoungwha; Lee, Jihee; Park, Jinah; Ooshima, Akira; Kim, Tae-Jin; Park, Je Yeon; Yang, Kyung-Min; Myung, Seung-Jae; Bae, Hyun; Lee, Kyung-Mi; Letterio, John; Park, Seok Hee; Takahashi, Satoru; Kim, Seong-Jin. Tm4sf19 deficiency inhibits osteoclast multinucleation and prevents bone loss. Metabolism: Clinical And Experimental. 2024;151( 38016540):155746. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that identified Tm4sf19, a member of the tetraspanin family, as a regulator of osteoclast function and demonstrated that in vivo administration of an Fc fusion with the large extracellular loop of Tm4sf19 prevented bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model.

Chankamngoen, Wasutorn; Krungchanuchat, Saowalak; Thongbunchoo, Jirawan; Sirinonthanawech, Naraporn; Teerapornpuntakit, Jarinthorn; Panupinthu, Nattapon; Charoenphandhu, Narattaphol. Extracellular Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) modulate osteocytic viability, expression of SOST, RANKL and FGF23, and fluid flow-induced YAP1 nuclear translocation. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):21173. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that explored the impact of iron overload in osteocytes, finding increased apoptosis in early and late stages of differentiation and cellular adaptation that results in insensitivity to mechanical stimulation.

Takami, Kenji; Okamoto, Kazuki; Etani, Yuki; Hirao, Makoto; Miyama, Akira; Okamura, Gensuke; Goshima, Atsushi; Miura, Taihei; Kurihara, Takuya; Fukuda, Yuji; Kanamoto, Takashi; Nakata, Ken; Okada, Seiji; Ebina, Kosuke. Anti-NF-κB peptide derived from nuclear acidic protein attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice. Jci Insight. 2023;8(22) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study that employing a newly developed small nuclear acidic protein-derived anti–NF-κB peptide whose intraperitoneal injection in mice attenuated ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, and inhibiting sclerostin production by osteocytes.

Shimizu, Yuta; Takeda-Kawaguchi, Tomoko; Kuroda, Izumi; Hotta, Yasuaki; Kawasaki, Hideya; Hariyama, Takahiko; Shibata, Toshiyuki; Akao, Yukihiro; Kunisada, Takahiro; Tatsumi, Junichi; Tezuka, Ken-Ichi. Exosomes from dental pulp cells attenuate bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis. Journal Of Periodontal Research. 2022;57(1):162-172. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing human leukocyte antigen haplotype homo (HHH) dental pulp cell (DPC) exosomes stimulated the migration of human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells and effectively attenuated bone loss due to periodontitis.

Min, Hong Ki; Kim, Se Hee; Lee, Ji-Yeon; Lee, Sang-Heon; Kim, Hae-Rim. DJ-1 controls T cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):12767. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that DJ-1 regulates Th17/Treg balance, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, rheumatoid arthritis–fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation, and osteoclastogenesis.

Park, Jin-Sil; Yang, Seung Cheon; Jeong, Ha Yeon; Lee, Seon-Young; Ryu, Jun-Geol; Choi, Jeong Won; Kang, Hye Yeon; Kim, Sung-Min; Hwang, Sun-Hee; Cho, Mi-La; Park, Sung-Hwan. EC-18 prevents autoimmune arthritis by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and osteoclastogenesis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2022;24(1):254. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing the murine collagen-induced arthritis model of human rheumatoid arthritis to demonstrate the effectiveness of EC-18 in reducing clinical and histological severity.

Zhu, Hongfei; Tamura, Atsushi; Zhang, Shunyao; Terauchi, Masahiko; Yoda, Tetsuya; Yui, Nobuhiko. Mitigating RANKL-induced cholesterol overload in macrophages with β-cyclodextrin-threaded polyrotaxanes suppresses osteoclastogenesis. Biomaterials Science. 2022;10(18):5230-5242. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study reporting an improvement (acid-degradable PRXs) in the strategy of free cholesterol encapsulation to inhibit osteoclast differentiation that may prove useful for treating bone defects caused by osteoclast overactivity.

Lin, Hongbing; Chen, Zhen; Guo, Qianqian; Zhang, Peipei; Tian, Yue; Chen, Huishan; Zhao, Haiping; Shen, Yuqin. Deer Antler Reserve Mesenchyme Cell-Conditioned Medium Reduces the Destruction of Periodontitis in Mice. Stem Cells And Development. 2022;31(23-24):766-776. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing conditioned medium from a type of deer antler stem cells (ASCs) could significantly reduce alveolar bone resorption and inhibit inflammation in gingival tissue by decreasing the activation of osteoclasts and inducing macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype.

Shan, Qiusheng; Takabatake, Kiyofumi; Omori, Haruka; Kawai, Hotaka; Oo, May Wathone; Sukegawa, Shintaro; Fujii, Masae; Inada, Yasunori; Sano, Sho; Nakano, Keisuke; Nagatsuka, Hitoshi. Investigation of bone invasion and underlying mechanisms of oral cancer using a cell line-derived xenograft model. Oncology Letters. 2022;24(5):382. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of oral squamous cell carcinoma using a cell line-derived xenograft model to show that gingival-derived stromal cells promote bone invasion by activating osteoclasts on the bone surface, whereas periodontal ligament tissue-derived stromal cells exert an inhibitory effect.

Ding, Dong; Wang, Limei; Yan, Jiangbo; Zhou, Yong; Feng, Gangning; Ma, Long; Yang, Yong; Pei, Xiuying; Jin, Qunhua. Zoledronic acid generates a spatiotemporal effect to attenuate osteoarthritis by inhibiting potential Wnt5a-associated abnormal subchondral bone resorption. Plos One. 17(7):e0271485. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study of osteoarthritis showing zoledronic acid to act early in an experimental disease process, inhibiting osteoclast bone resorption, thereby improving subchondral bone remodeling, delaying disease progression and reducing cartilage degeneration.

Cho, Eunjin; Cheon, Seongmin; Ding, Mina; Lim, Kayeong; Park, Sang-Wook; Park, Chungoo; Lee, Tae-Hoon. Identification of Novel Genes for Cell Fusion during Osteoclast Formation. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(12) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the genes Calcrl, Marco, and Ube3a to be novel determinants of osteoclastogenesis, especially with respect to cell fusion.

Fang, Xiaolin; Hu, Jun-Feng; Hu, Qing-Yun; Li, Han; Sun, Zhi-Jun; Xu, Zhigang; Zhang, Lu. ROS-responsive resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin nanomicelles reduce inflammatory osteolysis. Colloids And Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces. 2022;219( 36137333):112819. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing a PEGylated cyclodextrin-based nanoplatform for local delivery of resveratrol in nanomicelles can be employed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.

Li, Tong; Hadigan, Colleen; Whitlock, Jarred M; Qin, Jing; Kumar, Jai; Kumar, Princy; Catalfamo, Marta. IL-27 Modulates the Cytokine Secretion in the T Cell-Osteoclast Crosstalk During HIV Infection. Frontiers In Immunology. 13( 35479090):818677. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study employing in vitro coculture of T cells and osteoclasts from HIV-infected individuals and healthy controls to evaluate the effect of T cell immune activation on cytokine secretion, and the potential regulatory effect of IL-27.

Wijekoon, Suranji; Sunaga, Takafumi; Wang, Yanlin; Mwale, Carol; Kim, Sangho; Okumura, Masahiro. Pentosan polysulfate regulates hepcidin 1-facilitated formation and function of osteoclast derived from canine bone marrow. Plos One. 17(3):e0265596. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing heparin analogue pentosan polysulfate inhibits hepcidin-facilitated osteoclast differentiation and iron overload.

Ku, Jeong-Kui; Kim, Il-Hyung; Um, In-Woong; Kim, Bo-Hyun; Yun, Pil-Young. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Osteoinductivity of Demineralized Dentin Matrix for Allografts: A Preliminary Study. Journal Of Functional Biomaterials. 2022;13(1) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing that 15 and 25 kGy gamma radiation doses did not affect the osteoinduction capacity of demineralized dentin matrix.

Jiao, Zixue; Chai, Hao; Wang, Shendong; Sun, Chunguang; Huang, Qun; Xu, Wei. SOST gene suppression stimulates osteocyte Wnt/β-catenin signaling to prevent bone resorption and attenuates particle-induced osteolysis. Journal Of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2023;101(5):607-620. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing SOST inhibition triggered the osteocyte Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade and prevented wear particle-induced osteoclastogenesis.

Zhe, Wei; Hoshina, Naomi; Itoh, Yukihiro; Tojo, Toshifumi; Suzuki, Takayoshi; Hase, Koji; Takahashi, Daisuke. A Novel HDAC1-Selective Inhibitor Attenuates Autoimmune Arthritis by Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 45(9):1364-1372. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing TTA03-107, a novel HDAC1 isozyme-specific inhibitor, attenuated disease severity in the collagen-induced arthritis and collagen antibody-induced arthritis models.

Shin, Hye-Rim; Kim, Bong-Soo; Kim, Hyun-Jung; Yoon, Heein; Kim, Woo-Jin; Choi, Je-Yong; Ryoo, Hyun-Mo. Excessive osteoclast activation by osteoblast paracrine factor RANKL is a major cause of the abnormal long bone phenotype in Apert syndrome model mice. Journal Of Cellular Physiology. 2022;237(4):2155-2168. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating a major causative mechanism for bone loss and short long-bones in Fgfr2(S252W/+) mice, a model for human Apert syndrome, is an imbalance in osteoblast - osteoclast coupling due to abnormally increased Rankl expression in mutant osteoblasts.

Wang, Xuepeng; Zou, Chunchun; Li, Maoqiang; Hou, Changju; Jiang, Wu; Bian, Zhenyu; Zhu, Liulong. METTL14 upregulates TCF1 through m6A mRNA methylation to stimulate osteogenic activity in osteoporosis. Human Cell. 2023;36(1):178-194. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing METTL14 plays a protective role against osteoporosis by promoting the TCF1/RUNX2 axis.

Imerb, Napatsorn; Thonusin, Chanisa; Pratchayasakul, Wasana; Arunsak, Busarin; Nawara, Wichwara; Ongnok, Benjamin; Aeimlapa, Ratchaneevan; Charoenphandhu, Narattaphol; Chattipakorn, Nipon; Chattipakorn, Siriporn C. D-galactose-induced aging aggravates obesity-induced bone dyshomeostasis. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):8580. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing obesity aggravating systemic aging, systemic oxidative stress, and bone dyshomeostasis in D-gal-induced aging in a time-dependent manner.

Bhattarai, Govinda; Jeon, Young-Mi; Choi, Ki-Choon; Wagle, Sajeev; Sim, Hyun-Jaung; Kim, Jeong-In; Zhao, Sen; Kim, Jong-Ghee; Cho, Eui-Sic; Kook, Sung-Ho; Lee, Jeong-Chae. Functional improvement of collagen-based bioscaffold to enhance periodontal-defect healing via combination with dietary antioxidant and COMP-angiopoietin 1. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials For Biological Applications. 2022;135( 35581065):112673. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating that a coumaric acid-conjugated absorbable collagen scaffold impregnated with recombinant human-cartilage oligomeric matrix protein angiopoietin 1 enhances bone regeneration at therapeutic sites.

Hayashi, Koichiro; Yanagisawa, Toshiki; Kishida, Ryo; Ishikawa, Kunio. Effects of Scaffold Shape on Bone Regeneration: Tiny Shape Differences Affect the Entire System. Acs Nano. 2022;16(8):11755-11768. 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the impact of macroscopic scaffold shape in bone regeneration.

Choi, Ji-Myung; Vu, Huong Thu; Shin, Seong-Jin; Ahn, Jun-Yong; Kim, You-Jin; Song, Sol; Han, Mi-Ran; Lee, Jun-Haeng; Kim, Jong-Soo; Knowles, Jonathan C; Lee, Hae-Hyoung; Shin, Ji-Sun; Kim, Jong-Bin; Lee, Jung-Hwan. Improvement of Biological Effects of Root-Filling Materials for Primary Teeth by Incorporating Sodium Iodide. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;27(9) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a pre-clinical study showing NaI-incorporated materials to be improved substitutes for iodoform-counterparts in root-filling materials.

Bhattarai, Govinda; So, Han-Sol; Kim, Tae-Geum; Kieu, Thi Thu Trang; Kim, Yeon-Woo; Yang, Ku-Ri; Lee, Jeong-Chae; Kook, Sung-Ho; Jeon, Young-Mi. Astaxanthin Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Damage to Bone Marrow and to Bone Marrow-Retained Stem Cells and Restores Normal Hematopoiesis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(12) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study showing astaxanthin protects against diabetes-induced damage in the bone marrow microenvironment, improving the function of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and restoring normal hematopoiesis and bone accrual in streptozotocin-injected mice.

Lee, Seung-Cheol; Shin, Min Kyoung; Jang, Bo-Young; Lee, Seung-Ho; Kim, Min; Sung, Jung-Suk. Immunomodulatory Effect and Bone Homeostasis Regulation in Osteoblasts Differentiated from hADMSCs via the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Cells. 2022;11(19) 
- Comments: Cosmo Bio’s Trap Staining Kit was used in a study demonstrating the regulatory function and immunomodulatory effects of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis on osteogenic properties in osteoblasts as well as its regenerative, homeostasis-maintaining effects in a cocultured system of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Chuu, Jiunn-Jye; Lu, Jeng-Wei; Chang, Hung-Ju; Chu, You-Hsiang; Peng, Yi-Jen; Ho, Yi-Jung; Shen, Pei-Hung; Cheng, Yu-Shuan; Cheng, Chia-Hui; Liu, Yi-Chien; Wang, Chih-Chien. Attenuative effects of collagen peptide from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Food Science & Nutrition. 2024;12(1):116-130. 

Sirisereephap, Kridtapat; Surboyo, Meircurius Dwi Condro; Rosenkranz, Andrea L; Terao, Yutaka; Tabeta, Koichi; Maeda, Takeyasu; Hajishengallis, George; Maekawa, Tomoki. Protocols for collecting mouse PDL cells and bone marrow cells, differentiation, and data analysis. Star Protocols. 2024;5(3):103162. 

Gaudenzi, Carolina; Schioppa, Tiziana; Passari, Mauro; Zucchi, Giovanni; Tiberio, Laura; Vahidi, Yasmin; Scutera, Sara; Musso, Tiziana; Sozzani, Silvano; Del Prete, Annalisa; Salvi, Valentina; Bosisio, Daniela. Extracellular microRNAs induce dendritic cell-dependent joint inflammation and potentiate osteoclast differentiation via TLR7/8 engagement. Journal Of Autoimmunity. 2024;145( 38442677):103189. 

Park, Geun-Yeong; Park, Jeong-Ae; Kang, Mi-Sun. In Vitro Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation. Journal Of Functional Biomaterials. 2024;15(3) 

Promta, Patarawadee; Chaiyosang, Patcharaporn; Panya, Aussara; Laorodphun, Pongrapee; Leelapornpisid, Warat; Imerb, Napatsorn. The Evaluation of Anti-Osteoclastic Activity of the Novel Calcium Hydroxide Biodegradable Nanoparticles as an Intracanal Medicament. Journal Of Endodontics. 2024;50(5):667-673. 

Fukui, Tatsuyuki; Terashima, Asuka; Omata, Yasunori; Chijimatsu, Ryota; Okamoto, Kazuo; Tsukasaki, Masayuki; Fukuda, Yukiko; Hayata, Tadayoshi; Saitoh, Akiyoshi; Toda, Etsuko; Takayanagi, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Sakae; Terashima, Yuya; Saito, Taku. Disulfiram ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized mice by suppressing osteoclastogenesis. Journal Of Bone And Mineral Metabolism. 2024; 39373772