Catalog numbers beginning with "CAC" are antibodies from our exclusive Cosmo Bio Antibody Collection. Visit the CAC Antibody homepage to browse the collection list, organized by research topic.
Background
Prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation may result in harmful acute and chronic effects to the skin (including skin cancers), eye, and immune system. These harmful effects appear to be closely related to UV-induced DNA damage. Indeed, UV-induced DNA damage plays significant roles in cell-cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair, cell killing, mutation, and neoplastic transformation. The major types of DNA damage induced by solar UV radiation are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), (6–4) photoproducts (6-4PPs), and Dewar valence isomers of 6-4PPs (Dewar photoproducts; DewarPPs) formed between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides on the same DNA strand. Approximately 70-80% of UV-induced DNA damage is CPDs and the remaining is 6-4PPs and Dewar isomers of 6-4PPs. DewarPPs are produced by the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs by UV radiation around 325 nm. In normal human cells these types of DNA lesions are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER).
To better study molecular events surrounding UV-induced DNA damage and repair, Mori et al. previously developed and characterized monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for CPDs and mAb specific for 6-4PPs (1) while Matsunaga et al. developed and characterized mAb specific for DewarPPs (2). Three of these antibodies (CPDs: clone TDM-2; 6-4PPs: clone 64M-2; DewarPPs: clone DEM-1) continue to be cited frequently in the literature, often for use in ELISA.
This High Sensitivity (6-4)photoproducts (6-4PPs) ELISA Kit is the only commercially available ELISA utilizing anti- 6-4PPs clone 64M-2 and has been optimized for high sensitivity detection of 6-4PPs in DNA purified from cultured cells or from skin epidermis. This ELISA detects 6-4PPs from dipyrimidines in all DNA sequence contexts (i.e., TT, TC, CT and CC). Thus, the availability and convenience of this ELISA Kit will contribute to further understanding molecular mechanisms involved in cellular responses to UV radiation and DNA damage with applications across many research fields including cancer research, photobiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, immunology, and cosmetics science.
References
1) Yamamoto, A., et al., DNA Repair, 6, 649-657 (2007).
2) Matsumoto, M., et al., J. Cell Sci., 120, 1104-1112 (2007).
3) Yasuda, G., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 27, 6606-6614 (2007).
4) Sugasawa, K., et al., Cell 121, 387-400 (2005).
5) Nishiwaki, Y., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 526-532 (2004).
6) Imoto, K., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 1177-7782 (2002).
7) Wakasugi, M., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277, 1637-1640 (2002).
8) Kobayashi, N., et al., Pigment Cell Res. 14, 94-102 (2001).
9) Katsumi, S., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 1156-1161 (2001).
10) Otoshi, E., et al., Cancer Res. 60, 1729-1735 (2000).
11) Nakagawa, A., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 143-148 (1998).
12) Kobayashi, N., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 806-810 (1998).
13) Komatsu, Y., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3889-3894 (1997).
14) Nakane, H., et al., Nature 377, 165-168 (1995).
15) Todo, T., et al., Nature 361, 371-374 (1993).
16) Kobayashi, N., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 101, 685-689 (1993).
17) Potten, C.S., et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 63, 313-324 (1993).
18) Matsunaga, T., et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 54, 403-410 (1991).
19) Mori, T., et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 54, 225-232 (1991).
More than 200 papers using TDM-2 and 64M-2 antibodies have been published so far.
| Product Specifications | |
| Application | ICC, ELISA, WB, IP, IHC, FC |
| Reactivity | All |
| Clonality | Monoclonal (Clone No.: 64M-2) |
| Host | Mouse |
| Documents & Links for Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2) | |
| Datasheet | Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2) Datasheet |
| Documents & Links for Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2) | |
| Datasheet | Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2) Datasheet |
| Citations for Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2) – 32 Found |
| Han, Chunhua; Srivastava, Amit Kumar; Cui, Tiantian; Wang, Qi-En; Wani, Altaf A. Differential DNA lesion formation and repair in heterochromatin and euchromatin. Carcinogenesis. 2016;37(2):129-38. PubMed |
| Kemp, Michael G; Sancar, Aziz. ATR Kinase Inhibition Protects Non-cycling Cells from the Lethal Effects of DNA Damage and Transcription Stress. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2016;291(17):9330-42. PubMed |
| Canturk, Fazile; Karaman, Muhammet; Selby, Christopher P; Kemp, Michael G; Kulaksiz-Erkmen, Gulnihal; Hu, Jinchuan; Li, Wentao; Lindsey-Boltz, Laura A; Sancar, Aziz. Nucleotide excision repair by dual incisions in plants. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 2016;113(17):4706-10. PubMed |
| Higa, Mitsuru; Zhang, Xue; Tanaka, Kiyoji; Saijo, Masafumi. Stabilization of Ultraviolet (UV)-stimulated Scaffold Protein A by Interaction with Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 7 Is Essential for Transcription-coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2016;291(26):13771-9. PubMed |
| Choi, Jun-Hyuk; Kim, So-Young; Kim, Sook-Kyung; Kemp, Michael G; Sancar, Aziz. An Integrated Approach for Analysis of the DNA Damage Response in Mammalian Cells: NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR, DNA DAMAGE CHECKPOINT, AND APOPTOSIS. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2015;290(48):28812-21. PubMed |
| Schuch, André P; Lipinski, Victor M; Santos, Mauricio B; Santos, Caroline P; Jardim, Sinara S; Cechin, Sonia Z; Loreto, Elgion L S. Molecular and sensory mechanisms to mitigate sunlight-induced DNA damage in treefrog tadpoles. The Journal Of Experimental Biology. 2015;218(Pt 19):3059-67. PubMed |
| Hu, Jinchuan; Adar, Sheera; Selby, Christopher P; Lieb, Jason D; Sancar, Aziz. Genome-wide analysis of human global and transcription-coupled excision repair of UV damage at single-nucleotide resolution. Genes & Development. 2015;29(9):948-60. PubMed |
| Matsumoto, Syota; Fischer, Eric S; Yasuda, Takeshi; Dohmae, Naoshi; Iwai, Shigenori; Mori, Toshio; Nishi, Ryotaro; Yoshino, Ken-ichi; Sakai, Wataru; Hanaoka, Fumio; Thomä, Nicolas H; Sugasawa, Kaoru. Functional regulation of the DNA damage-recognition factor DDB2 by ubiquitination and interaction with xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. Nucleic Acids Research. 2015;43(3):1700-13. PubMed |
| Peacock, Matthew; Brem, Reto; Macpherson, Peter; Karran, Peter. DNA repair inhibition by UVA photoactivated fluoroquinolones and vemurafenib. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014;42(22):13714-22. PubMed |
| Kemp, Michael G; Gaddameedhi, Shobhan; Choi, Jun-Hyuk; Hu, Jinchuan; Sancar, Aziz. DNA repair synthesis and ligation affect the processing of excised oligonucleotides generated by human nucleotide excision repair. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2014;289(38):26574-26583. PubMed |
| Lee, Ming-Hsiang; Wang, Liya; Chang, Zee-Fen. The contribution of mitochondrial thymidylate synthesis in preventing the nuclear genome stress. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014;42(8):4972-84. PubMed |
| Biswas, Anup Kumar; Mitchell, David L; Johnson, David G. E2F1 responds to ultraviolet radiation by directly stimulating DNA repair and suppressing carcinogenesis. Cancer Research. 2014;74(12):3369-77. PubMed |
| Fan, Wei; Luo, Jianyuan. SIRT1 regulates UV-induced DNA repair through deacetylating XPA. Molecular Cell. 2010;39(2):247-58. PubMed |
| Ming, Mei; Shea, Christopher R; Guo, Xiumei; Li, Xiaoling; Soltani, Keyoumars; Han, Weinong; He, Yu-Ying. Regulation of global genome nucleotide excision repair by SIRT1 through xeroderma pigmentosum C. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 2010;107(52):22623-8. PubMed |
| Saijo, Masafumi; Takedachi, Arato; Tanaka, Kiyoji. Nucleotide excision repair by mutant xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) proteins with deficiency in interaction with RPA. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2011;286(7):5476-83. PubMed |
| Overmeer, René M; Moser, Jill; Volker, Marcel; Kool, Hanneke; Tomkinson, Alan E; van Zeeland, Albert A; Mullenders, Leon H F; Fousteri, Maria. Replication protein A safeguards genome integrity by controlling NER incision events. The Journal Of Cell Biology. 2011;192(3):401-15. PubMed |
| Kraft, Stephanie; Obst, Ursula; Schwartz, Thomas. Immunological detection of UV induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts in DNA from reference bacteria and natural aquatic populations. Journal Of Microbiological Methods. 2011;84(3):435-41. PubMed |
| Kang, Tae-Hong; Reardon, Joyce T; Sancar, Aziz. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair activity by transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of the XPA protein. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011;39(8):3176-87. PubMed |
| Guervilly, Jean-Hugues; Renaud, Emilie; Takata, Minoru; Rosselli, Filippo. USP1 deubiquitinase maintains phosphorylated CHK1 by limiting its DDB1-dependent degradation. Human Molecular Genetics. 2011;20(11):2171-81. PubMed |
| Han, Weinong; Ming, Mei; He, Yu-Ying. Caffeine promotes ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes without complete DNA repair. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2011;286(26):22825-32. PubMed |
| Renaud, Emilie; Miccoli, Laurent; Zacal, Natalie; Biard, Denis S; Craescu, Constantin T; Rainbow, Andrew J; Angulo, Jaime F. Differential contribution of XPC, RAD23A, RAD23B and CENTRIN 2 to the UV-response in human cells. Dna Repair. 2011;10(8):835-47. PubMed |
| Soares, Daniele G; Machado, Miriana S; Rocca, Céline J; Poindessous, Virginie; Ouaret, Djamila; Sarasin, Alain; Galmarini, Carlos M; Henriques, João A P; Escargueil, Alexandre E; Larsen, Annette K. Trabectedin and its C subunit modified analogue PM01183 attenuate nucleotide excision repair and show activity toward platinum-resistant cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2011;10(8):1481-9. PubMed |
| Gaddameedhi, Shobhan; Selby, Christopher P; Kaufmann, William K; Smart, Robert C; Sancar, Aziz. Control of skin cancer by the circadian rhythm. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 2011;108(46):18790-5. PubMed |
| Jarrett, Stuart G; Novak, Marian; Dabernat, Sandrine; Daniel, Jean-Yves; Mellon, Isabel; Zhang, Qingbei; Harris, Nathan; Ciesielski, Michael J; Fenstermaker, Robert A; Kovacic, Diane; Slominski, Andrzej; Kaetzel, David M. Metastasis suppressor NM23-H1 promotes repair of UV-induced DNA damage and suppresses UV-induced melanomagenesis. Cancer Research. 2012;72(1):133-43. PubMed |
| Hu, Jinchuan; Choi, Jun-Hyuk; Gaddameedhi, Shobhan; Kemp, Michael G; Reardon, Joyce T; Sancar, Aziz. Nucleotide excision repair in human cells: fate of the excised oligonucleotide carrying DNA damage in vivo. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2013;288(29):20918-20926. PubMed |
| Choi, Jun-Hyuk; Gaddameedhi, Shobhan; Kim, So-Young; Hu, Jinchuan; Kemp, Michael G; Sancar, Aziz. Highly specific and sensitive method for measuring nucleotide excision repair kinetics of ultraviolet photoproducts in human cells. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014;42(4):e29. PubMed |
| Kuschal, Christiane; DiGiovanna, John J; Khan, Sikandar G; Gatti, Richard A; Kraemer, Kenneth H. Repair of UV photolesions in xeroderma pigmentosum group C cells induced by translational readthrough of premature termination codons. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 2013;110(48):19483-8. PubMed |
| Duan, Ming-Rui; Smerdon, Michael J. UV damage in DNA promotes nucleosome unwrapping. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(34):26295-303. PubMed |
| Overmeer, René M; Gourdin, Audrey M; Giglia-Mari, Ambra; Kool, Hanneke; Houtsmuller, Adriaan B; Siegal, Gregg; Fousteri, Maria I; Mullenders, Leon H F; Vermeulen, Wim. Replication factor C recruits DNA polymerase delta to sites of nucleotide excision repair but is not required for PCNA recruitment. Molecular And Cellular Biology. 2010;30(20):4828-39. PubMed |
| Li, Wentao; Liu, Wenjie; Kakoki, Ayano; Wang, Rujin; Adebali, Ogun; Jiang, Yuchao; Sancar, Aziz. Nucleotide excision repair capacity increases during differentiation of human embryonic carcinoma cells into neurons and muscle cells. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry. 2019;294(15):5914-5922. PubMed |
| Fouquerel, Elise; Barnes, Ryan P; Wang, Hong; Opresko, Patricia L. Measuring UV Photoproduct Repair in Isolated Telomeres and Bulk Genomic DNA. Methods In Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.j.). 1999( 31127586):295-306. PubMed |
| Yang, Guang; Komaki, Yukako; Yoshida, Ikuma; Ibuki, Yuko. Formaldehyde inhibits UV-induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX. Toxicology In Vitro : An International Journal Published In Association With Bibra. 2019;61( 31614172):104687. PubMed |
