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Small molecules

Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Most drugs are small molecules. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.

Pharmacology usually restricts the term "small molecule" to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can have a variety of biological functions or applications, serving as cell signaling molecules, drugs in medicine, pesticides in farming, and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondary metabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial effect against a disease (such as drugs) or may be detrimental (such as teratogens and carcinogens). [from: Wikipedia contributors. (2019, April 6). Small molecule. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:49, May 29, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_molecule&oldid=891243496]

References:
1) Macielag MJ (2012). "Chemical properties of antibacterials and their uniqueness". In Dougherty TJ, Pucci MJ (eds.). Antibiotic Discovery and Development. pp. 801–2. ISBN 978-1-4614-1400-1.
2) Arkin MR, Wells JA (April 2004). "Small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: progressing towards the dream". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 3 (4): 301–17. doi:10.1038/nrd1343. PMC 4179228. PMID 15060526.
Product name (click for order info)  Cat No
(click for datasheet)		  Host  Species specificity
Anti Morphine mAb (Clone IB1) CAC-KYU-HT-M001 MS -
Anti Thebaine mAb (Clone 5F7) CAC-KYU-HT-M002 MS -
Anti Ginsenoside Rb1 mAb (Clone 9G7) CAC-KYU-HT-M003 MS -
Anti Salvinorin A mAb (Clone IC1) CAC-KYU-HT-M004 MS - 
Anti Plumbagin mAb (Clone 3A3) CAC-KYU-HT-M005 MS - 
Anti Forskolin mAb (Clone 1A9) CAC-KYU-HT-M006 MS -
Anti 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid mAb (Clone 2C4) CAC-KYU-HT-M007 MS -
Anti Ginsenoside Re mAb (Clone 4G10) CAC-KYU-HT-M008 MS -
Anti 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) mAb (Clone H3-17) CAC-NM-MA-002 MS -
Product name Anti Morphine mAb (Clone IB1)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M001
Description Morphine is a psychoactive alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum.

References:
1) Shoyama et al. (1993) Direct Determination Of Opium Alkaloid-Bovine Serum-Albumin Conjugate By Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorption Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull. 16(10):1051-3. PMID: 8287039.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Thebaine mAb (Clone 5F7)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M002
Description Thebaine is an alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum.

References:
1) Shoyama et al. (1993) Direct Determination Of Opium Alkaloid-Bovine Serum-Albumin Conjugate By Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorption Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull. 16(10):1051-3. PMID: 8287039.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Ginsenoside Rb1 mAb (Clone 9G7)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M003
Description Ginsenoside Rb1 is a saponin isolated from Panax ginseng.

References:
1) Tanaka H. et al., Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rb1 and its characterization, Cytotechnology, 29,115, 1999. PMID:22359060.
2) Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. (2001) Double staining of ginsenosides by Western blotting using anti-ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 monoclonal antibodies. Biol Pharm Bull. 24(10):1157-60. PMID:11642323.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Salvinorin A mAb (Clone IC1)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M004
Description Salvinorin is a psychoactive terpene isolated from Salvia divinorum.

References:
Madan Kumar Paudel, Osamu Shirota, Kaori Sasaki-Tabata, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Setsuko Sekita, and Satoshi Morimoto. (2013) Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay Using a Monoclonal Antibody against the Psychoactive Diterpenoid Salvinorin A. Journal of Natural Products. 76(9):1654-1660. DOI: 10.1021/np400358n.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Plumbagin mAb (Clone 3A3)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M005
Description Plumbagin is a naphthoquinone isolated from Plumbago zeyalanica.

References:
Sakamoto et al. (2008) Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using highly-specific monoclonal antibodies against plumbagin. Anal Chim Acta. 607(1):100-5. PMID: 18155415.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Forskolin mAb (Clone 1A9)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M006
Description Forskolin is a terpene isolated from Coleus forskohlii, which is an adenylate cyclase activator.

References:
Sakata, R., Shoyama, Y. & Murakami, H. Cytotechnology (1994) 16:101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00754612.
Host MS
Species specificity HU
 
Product name Anti 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid mAb (Clone 2C4)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M007
Description 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a common herbicide.

References:
Tanaka H. et al. (2003) Preparation of anti-2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid monoclonal antibodies. Cytotechnology. 42(2):101-7. PMID: 19002932.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti Ginsenoside Re mAb (Clone 4G10)
Cat No CAC-KYU-HT-M008
Description Ginsenoside Re is a saponin isolated from Panax ginseng.

References:
1) Morinaga O. et al. (2006) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of total ginsenosides in ginseng. Analytical Letters. 39:287-296.
2) Morinaga O, et al. (2006) Detection and quantification of ginsenoside Re in ginseng samples by a chromatographic immunostaining method using monoclonal antibody against ginsenoside Re. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 830(1):100-4. PMID: 16310421.
Host MS
Species specificity -
 
Product name Anti 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) mAb (Clone H3-17)
Cat No CAC-NM-MA-002
Description 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a pyrimidine analogue and inhibits an enzyme called thymidylate synthetase, which results in inhibition of DNA replication. Thus, 5-FU is used as a drug in the treatment of cancers including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin cancer.
Host MS
Species specificity -
Figure 1
Monoclonal antibody (H3-17) shows high binding to 5-FU-BSA but undetectable binding to BSA.
Different dilutions of antibody were tested for binding to immobilized antigens (100 ng/well) in a direct ELISA.
Figure 2
Monoclonal antibody (H3-17) is capable of binding to free 5-FU.
Free 5-FU efficiently inhibits antibody binding to immobilized 5-FU-BSA (5 ng/well), as detected by a competitive ELISA.
Figure 3
Binding specificity of Anti-5-FU antibody.
Anti-5-FU monoclonal antibody (H3-17) binds to 5-FU, but not to Uracil, Cytosine, Thymine, 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil and 5,6-Dihydrouracil.
Figure 4
Structure of 5-Fluorouracil.